![artificial academy 2 hf patch 4.9 artificial academy 2 hf patch 4.9](https://usercontent.2th.me/a/i/hwhbtj5k/2th.me_386164.png)
In this review, we summarized recent advances of SAECs in synthesis, characterization, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance, and applications in ORR-related H 2O 2 production, metal-air batteries, and low-temperature fuel cells. However, finely fabricating SAECs with uniform and highly dense active sites, fully maximizing the utilization efficiency of active sites, and maintaining the atomically isolated sites as single-atom centers under harsh electrocatalytic conditions remain urgent challenges. Single-atom electrocatalysts (SAECs) featuring with well-defined structure, high intrinsic activity, and maximum atom efficiency have emerged as a novel field in electrocatalytic science since it is promising to substitute expensive platinum-group noble metal catalysts. The high cost, rare reservation, and unsatisfied durability significantly impede large-scale commercialization of platinum-based catalysts.
![artificial academy 2 hf patch 4.9 artificial academy 2 hf patch 4.9](https://wiki.anime-sharing.com/hgames/images/7/76/AA2_Insert_disk.png)
However, the ORR process shows sluggish kinetics and requires platinum-group noble metal catalysts to accelerate the reaction. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) plays significant roles in electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems as well as clean synthesis of fine chemicals.